presence - definition and examples of rhetorical presence

nearness - definition and instances of expository nearness Definition: In talk and argumentation, the decision to underline certain realities and thoughts over others so as to make sure about the consideration of a group of people. The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation contentions speaker Through nearness, we build up the genuine, Louise Karon says in Presence in The New Rhetoric. This impact is basically evoked through methods of style, conveyance, and manner (Philosophy and Rhetoric, 1976). See too: Crowd Analysis and Implied Audience Examples and Illustrations Ekphrasis and Enargia New Rhetoric(s)ProsopopoeiaPersuasion Models and Observations: Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca compose that nearness is a fundamental factor in argumentation and one that is to an extreme degree an excessive amount of disregarded in rationalistic originations of thinking. The nearness of a reality or a thought is right around a tangible encounter instead of an absolutely judicious one; nearness, they compose, acts straightforwardly on our sensibility.Thus, in argumentation a rhetor tries to carry their crowd to the point of seeing the pertinent realities, or encountering the honesty of a thought. . . . Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca share Gorgias and the humanists interest with talking points capacity to coordinate idea, especially talk in the control of a talented rhetorician. In any case, their trust in argumentation as a discerning establishment of talk is firmly more grounded than was Gorgias.(James A. Herrick, The History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction, third ed. Allyn and Bacon, 2005) Two Aspects of PresenceFor Perelman and Olbrechts -Tyteca (1969), accomplishing nearness is a standard that directs the procedure of determination; we pick words, phrases, allegorical pictures, and other verbose methodologies to either (a) make something missing present to our crowd or (b) increment the nearness of something that has just been brought to the crowds consideration. A case of the last sense would be the manner by which a speaker, in an enthusiastic Fourth of July address during the nineteenth century, would attempt to expand the nearness of the soul of the establishing fathers.These two parts of quality are not fundamentally unrelated; truth be told, they as often as possible cover. A supporter may start by attempting to make something present to a group of people and afterward work to expand the nearness of that thing (whatever that may be). As Murphy (1994) noticed, the possibility of essence is an applied analogy; when nearness is accomplished, what at first was missing nearly is by all accounts in the stay with th e audience.(James Jasinski, Sourcebook on Rhetoric. Wise, 2001) Nearness and Figurative LanguageThe extremely decision of offering nearness to certain components rather than others suggests their significance and congruity to the conversation and acts straightforwardly on our reasonableness, as showed by a Chinese anecdote: A ruler sees a bull on its approach to forfeit. He is moved to feel sorry for it and requests that a sheep be utilized in its place. He admits he did so in light of the fact that he could see the bull yet not the sheep.Perelman and Olbrechts. Explanatory Citizenship and Public Deliberation, ed. by Christian Kock and Lisa S. Villadsen. Penn State Press, 2012) Nearness in Jesse Jacksons 1988 Convention Speech*Tonight in Atlanta, without precedent for this century, we assemble in the South; a state where Governors once remained in school building entryways; where Julian Bond was denied a seal in the State Legislature as a result of his principled issue with the Vietnam War; a city that, through its five Black Universities, has graduated more dark understudies than any city on the planet. Atlanta, presently an advanced crossing point of the new South.Common ground! That is the test of our gathering this evening. Left wing. Right wing.Progress won't come through vast progressivism nor static conservatism, yet at the minimum amount of common survivalnot at endless radicalism nor static conservatism, yet at the minimum amount of shared endurance. It takes two wings to fly. Regardless of whether youre a falcon or a pigeon, youre only a fowl living in a similar situation, in the equivalent world.The Bible instructs that when lions and sheep rests together, none will be apprehensive and there will be harmony in the valley. It sounds unthinkable. Lions eat sheep. Sheep reasonably escape from lions. However even lions and sheep will discover shared belief. Why? Since neither lions nor sheep can endure atomic war. On the off chance that lions and sheep can discover shared view, without a doubt we can as wellas humanized people.The possibly time that we win is the point at which we meet up. In 1960, John Kennedy, the late John Kennedy, beat Richard Nixon by just 112,000 votesless than one vote for every region. He won by the edge of our expectation. He united us. He connected. He had the fearlessness to resist his consultants and ask about Dr. Lords imprisoning in Albany, Georgia. We won by the edge of our expectation, roused by bold leadership.In 1964, Lyndon Johnson brought wings togetherthe postulation, the direct opposite, and the innovative synthesisand together we won.In 1976, Jimmy Carter bound together us once more, and we won. When do we not meet up, we never win.In 1968, the vision and gloom in July prompted our destruction in November. In 1980, animosity in the spring and the late spring prompted Reagan in the fall.When we isolate, we can't win. We should discover shared conviction as the reason for endurance and improvement and change and growth.Today when we discussed, varied, pondered, consented to concur, settle on a truce, when we had the trustworthiness to contend a case and afterward not fall to pieces, George Bush was only somewhat further away from the White House and somewhat closer to private life.Tonight I salute Governor Michael Dukakis. He has run an all around oversaw and a stately battle. Regardless of how worn out or how attempted, he generally opposed the impulse to go as far as demagoguery. . . .(Reverend Jesse Jackson, discourse at the Democratic National Convention, July 19, 1988)* In the presidential appointment of November 1988, occupant Vice President George H.W. Shrubber y (Republican) helpfully vanquished Governor Michael Dukakis (Democrat). The Effects of Presence and the Suppression of Presence[Charles] Kauffman and [Donn] Parson [in Metaphor and Presence in Argument, 1990] make the . . . significant point . . . that the concealment of quality can have an influential impact. They show that allegories with and without energeia can be utilized methodicallly, from one perspective, to caution, and on the other, to hose, open tensions. For instance, utilizing analogies with energeia, President Reagan discusses antique Titan rockets that leave the United States bare to assault; he portrays the Soviet Union as an Evil Empire drove by beasts. Then again, utilizing similitudes without energeia, General Gordon Fornell makes an antipresence intended to avoid open nervousness in light of a legitimate concern for additional weapons obtainment. The present Soviet ICBM power of 1,398 rockets, of which more than 800 are SS-17, SS-18, and SS-19 ICBMs, speaks to a perilous countermilitary asymmetry which must be rectified in the close t o term (99-100; accentuation mine). The methodical utilization of such boring analogies builds adherence by hosing what may somehow or another be genuine anxieties.(Alan G. Gross and Ray D. Dearin, Chaim Perelman. SUNY Press, 2003)

An Analysis of 13 Days

Teacher O’Neill Atlantic Worlds II April sixteenth 2010 Characterizing the First World War as a pestilence of erroneous conclusion, President John F. Kennedy contemplated, â€Å"they by one way or another appeared to tumble into war †¦ through ineptitude, singular mannerisms, misconceptions, and individual edifices of inadequacy and grandeur† (49). Reflecting upon these erroneous conclusions, Robert F. Kennedy’s Thirteen Days records the Cuban Missile Crisis and inventories the President’s scrutinizing activity in the midst of potential disaster.Considering the confusion that drove strife in the mid twentieth century, and the socio-innovative change in perspective of war, President Kennedy discovered cure in the support of open channels of outer correspondence, while in regards to the global domino impact of each activity, and displaying steady distrust in quest for a quiet goals. German humanist Max Weber composed of the Great War, â€Å"this war, w ith all its terribleness, is by and by fantastic and superb. It is worth experiencing† (EP 768).Embellishing the courage of fighting, Weber mirrors a typical acknowledgment of war in the mid twentieth century as one of game and need. Be that as it may, with the advancement of atomic arms came a change in outlook concerning war and its job in the midst of universal forces. Recognizing the ruinous capability of atomic fighting, Kennedy resolutely expressed, â€Å"We were not going to misinterpret or challenge the opposite side unnecessarily, or sharply drive our enemies into a game-plan that was not intended† (75).Using chronicled point of reference as his guide, President Kennedy follows up on the conviction that war is infrequently purposeful, while likewise perceiving the advancing dynamic of war as one of an arms battle. The use of this exercise exists in Kennedy’s goals to use isolate rather than equipped clash at the Soviets Union’s starting danger. Re mote boats provided requests to withdraw would be managed such a chance, any vessel declining to stop would have its rudders incapacitated to stay away from death toll, and ships not having a place with the Soviet Union were the irst and just to be boarded, as to not affect a military reaction. Executing such activity exhibits the President’s away from of past misconception, and the change in perspective that currently described war as something not of game, however of mass pulverization. Robert Kennedy reaffirms such in announcing, â€Å"If we blundered, we failed for ourselves and our nation, yet for the lives of the individuals who had never been allowed a chance to play a role† (81). This announcement encapsulates the staggering weight of atomic war, and the awareness important to keep away from it.Vital to the shirking of miscount and the advancement of a shared comprehension were open channels of correspondence during the Cuban Crisis. President Kennedy perceived the significance of steady correspondence to avoid hasty activity, and advance consistently cool headed dynamic. Such a model exists in Robert Kennedy’s Thirteen Days in which Soviet Chairman Khrushchev and President Kennedy trade messages sketching out the rules towards quiet goals. We should not surrender to unimportant interests, or to transient things, however ought to understand that in the event that in fact war should break out, at that point it would not be in our capacity to stop it, for such is the rationale of war† (66). Expressed by Khrushchev in quest for shared harmony, such correspondence exhibits the significance of lucidity and straightforwardness under edgy conditions. This citation further displays acknowledgment of the twisted idea of fighting, and recognizes history’s bad behaviors that incited destruction.President Kennedy closed thoughts in expressing, â€Å"the impact of such a settlement on facilitating world strains would empower us to move in the direction of a progressively broad plan †¦ the United States is a lot of keen on decreasing pressures and ending the arms race† (79). The unmistakable and succinct nature of this trade loans acclaim to the strategic idea of Kennedy’s strategies, giving both the United States and Soviet Union with the chance to at last evade atomic holocaust. The snowball impact displayed through the First World War shows the risk of tumbling into struggle through partnered commitment and strategic stupidity.President Kennedy’s capacity to carefully kill the Cuban Crisis exhibits an attention to that peril, and a thankfulness for the universal domino impact that fighting would produce between countries. Unequivocally expressed by Robert Kennedy, â€Å"we must know about this duty consistently, mindful that we were choosing for the United States, the Soviet Union, NATO, and for all of mankind† (75). Such worry for the worldwide repercussion of fighting can be seen in President Kennedy’s consistent examination of military suggestions and their impact upon the whole western hemisphere.Seeking elective answers for war just as the endorsement of worldwide forces, Robert Kennedy further states, â€Å"we had the option to set up a firm legitimate establishment for our activity under the OAS contract, and our situation around the globe was †¦ collectively upheld for a quarantine† (40). This political technique, established upon the help of solid European and American partners, supported the United States in considering the ramifications of every single imaginable game-plan as to guarantee a guarantee of harmony for themselves and the worldwide community.A last procedure, key to the discretionary triumph of the Cuban Missile Crisis, alludes to the foundation and achievement of Kennedy’s Executive Committee of the National Security Council. While each proposed arrangement held inalienable shortcomings, this board woul d take into consideration consistent pondering, contention, and discussion. The capacity to investigate every proposition strengthened a sensible dynamic procedure, along these lines reducing the danger of the imprudent miscount or misinterpretation that had provoked war just decades earlier.Embodying the noteworthiness of the Executive Committee, Robert Kennedy pronounces, â€Å"everyone had an equivalent chance to communicate and to be heard legitimately. It was a hugely profitable method that doesn't as often as possible happen inside the official branch† (36). Moreover, President Kennedy is accounted for to have experienced â€Å"considerable lengths to guarantee that he was not protected from people or perspectives in light of rank or position† (89).While such a game plan appears to be hopeful, President Kennedy’s acknowledgment of every single accessible perspective gave an incredibly expansive base of information whereupon to reach inferences. It was this receptive and sensible methodology that was intensely missing preceding the Great Wars of the mid twentieth century, in this manner prompting worldwide calamities that may have been deflected under progressively coherent conditions. The measures taken by President Kennedy, as introduced through Robert Kennedy’s Thirteen Days, loan overpowering recognition to his conciliatory triumph during the Cuban Missile Crisis.His achievement is accounted for as being established upon the miscounts of history, and a revision of those past mistakes in quest for serene relations. Be that as it may, the hopeful way wherein the President’s activities are depicted smell of both thoughtful appreciation and after death acclaim. Such an idealistic introduction just serves to reduce President Kennedy’s brave job in the midst of the emergency, and leads the peruser to address how vital his administration really was. An individual diary of Robert F. Kennedy, Thirteen Days must be peru sed while taking other factors into consideration to appropriately evaluate its legitimacy as an authentic record.While the President positively recognized the socio-innovative change in outlook of present day fighting notwithstanding the idiocy from which the First World War developed, Thirteen Days most clearly excuses significant occasions going before the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Bay of Pigs Invasion, a fruitless endeavor by American-prepared Cuban displaced people to topple the legislature of Fidel Castro, totally negates President Kennedy’s assumed comprehension of the perils of atomic war and indiscreet military action.The bombed attack, started just three months after President Kennedy’s initiation, embarrassed the Administration and made socialist countries suspicious of the United States. What's more, John F. Kennedy is reliably adulated all through his brother’s diary for inviting the perspectives of government executives, yet customary individuals. For instance, â€Å"he needed the counsel of his Cabinet officials, however he additionally †¦ wished to get notification from Tommy Thompson† (89). In any case, not once all through Kennedy’s journal does he notice addressing field officers or their names.The nonexclusive name of Tommy Thompson lessens the author’s confidence in such sources, and President Kennedy is even appeared to ridicule military figures in expressing, they â€Å"lacked the capacity to look past the constrained military field† (90). Such proof can't be disregarded in deciding the legitimacy of President Kennedy’s achievement, and decreases the objectivity of this authentic source. Be that as it may, a definitive achievement of President Kennedy’s verifiable reflections and harmony looking for measures can't be denied.While Thirteen Days almost radiates perceptible acclaim for his activities, it precisely reports the measures taken to stifle the Cuban Missile Crisi s, the viability of isolate and the significance of dealing and correspondence. These activities, provoked through the foundation of the Executive Committee, brought about the expulsion of atomic arms from Cuba and the restoration of the worldwide business as usual. Saving our country near the very edge of atomic war, the peruser must choose the option to close Thi

Breakfast at Tiffanys A Window Into the 1950s - Literature Essay Samples

Truman Capotes masterpiece of American literature, Breakfast at Tiffanys, is a wonderful story about misguided love. The novel is well deserving of a place within any compilation of literature and is epically deserving of a place within a collection of womens literature, as it presents a snapshot of a very human woman from the 1950s era United States. Holly is not a woman you might want to frame, or one that you might aspire to become, foremost because her flaws are exposed for all to see. However, she most definitely is defining of a cultured woman of the American 1950s, a modern debutant, carefree and aloof. Her character is defining of the societal changes which took place during the post World War II 1950s, when women gained independence they had not previously shared with men before the war, and the growing up period which was inevitable as they learned to walk on their own, free and spirited; women gained independence, but they had not yet gained the ability to support them selves: this was a fault of the society. The novel shows this change beautifully, from the perspective of a man who falls in love with one of these new wild and spirited creatures that he does not completely understand.The narrator, or Fred as he is called by Holly, is captivated by this curious and unique creature who resides in his apartment building. His first meeting, where she comes in through his fire escape to avoid a man who is biting her, seems to catch him off guard. She is brash, seeming not to care to climb into his bed to snuggle, confident in her sexuality. Throughout the novel this is a continuing theme. The women of the pre-WWII era would have been very much offended by this sort of behavior, but it seems to intrigue our narrator. As the story moves on, the narrator develops much more than a passing interest in his neighbor, falling deeply in love with her, but always knowing that she will not have him. Her story to Joe Bell in the bar is the most telling, as it seems to not be directed toward Joe Bell, but rather to Fred, although he never seems to connect that it is meant for him. Holly tells Joe Never love a wild thing you cant give your heart to a wild thing: the more you do, the stronger they get. (Capote 209) Fred never gets the message, already blinded by his love for her. She further warns him that she will fly away if he tries to get too close, a promise she eventually keeps. Holly is a fiercely independent woman, and this makes her attractive to every man she comes into contact with.Grave mischaracterizations of Holly are sometimes made, including the accusation that she is a whore or prostitute. Granted, her behavior is not something that will ever win her a medal. She uses most everyone she comes into contact with, either for money or simply as her playthings. She does not, however, pressure these people into her company. They rather desire to be around her. Her personality is magnetic throughout most of the novel. S he is not a fantastic person, but she most definitely is a wonderful image of the type of woman people desired to be around in the 1950s era. She also did not use these people out of sheer hatefulness, but out of necessity. She had to survive childhood as a runaway in one of the hardest times in the history of the United States, obviously having no true formal education which would provide a job for her to take care of herself. She was forced to marry at the age of fourteen, again out of necessity, to find a way to provide for both herself and her brother. She later leaves the situation, not because it is unbearable, but because she wants more and she wishes to explore and live her life. These are desires shared by most everyone growing up, and while considering the circumstances most people could not fault her for her actions, it was the fault of her nature. She was a fifteen year old girl, and she was not designed to be caged.This novel is a great story of human nature, over coming adversity, and is a very human portrait of the post-WWII era American woman. Holly is not a perfect person, but because her flaws are bared for all to see, she is a much more identifiable and loveable character. Capotes master work would be a grave omission from any collection of literature about women.Work CitedCapote, Truman. Breakfast at Tiffanys. 1958. New York: Vintage, 1993.

The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer - 1969 Words

In his novel The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer presents the corruption of the Catholic Church through several of his characters. Chaucer lived in a time of controversial indulgences, a way to pay off sins. Chaucer’s tales show his opposition to these sinful behaviors that he believed were common among the clergy. In order to protest against sinful behavior and religious corruption, Chaucer uses characters such as the pardoner, the friar, the summoner, and the prioress to show the lack of morality and faith among the clergy, and presents the parson as an example of how to correct corruption of the Catholic Church. Chaucer demonstrates corruption of the clergy through the pardoner who is a sinner since he deceives the innocent through greed, which at the time was a mortal sin. Chaucer describes the pardoner as having a bunch of relics in his pouch such as â€Å"a croys of latoun, full of stones† (GP 699). However, Chaucer retorts, But with thise relikes, whan that he fond A povre person dwellynge upon lond, Upon a day he gat hym moore moneye Than that the person gat in monthes tweye (GP 701-704). Here, Chaucer calls the pardoner a liar who uses false relics to collect money from people he meets who are trying to repent of their sins. The pardoner is even more appalling because he preaches against greed, yet he is guilty of that very sin when he tricks the innocent into giving him large amounts of money by using these false relics. Chaucer characterizes the pardoner asShow MoreRelatedThe Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer1582 Words   |  7 Pages Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury tales a collection of short tales in the 14th century. The compilation of stories are told by different characters within the narrative as part of a game proposed by the host. Each individual must tell two stories on their journey and two stories on their way back. Each story tells some aspects of English life during the time and often added satire like qualities to the English life. In particular Chaucer often tells stories with elements of the relationshipRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer consists of frame narratives were a group of pilgrims that are traveling from Southwark to the shire of St. Becker in the Canterbury Cathedral, tell each other to pass time until they arrive at their destination. During The Canterbury Tales the reader is exposed to many characters that represent all of the social classes of medieval England and the reader gets to know them from t he general prologue to each individual tale. One of these characters is the PardonerRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2127 Words   |  9 PagesIt is unknown when Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales, but it is assumed that he wrote it in 1387. There are many different aspects and themes throughout this paper that are very prominent. One theme that is very important is the importance of company. This entire tale is about twenty-nine pilgrims who all tell tales while on a pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket in Canterbury. The importance of company is that this is a pilgrimage that requires companions and friendship. ThoughRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1073 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer introduced and described a variety of fictional characters that lived in the Middle Ages. It was the time period that European civilians were governed by a system called feudalism. Where kings were the head of the s ystem and everyone was categorized in social classes. In the prologue of The Canterbury Tales the first character introduced was the knight. Geoffrey Chaucer depicts the knight correctly by characterizing him as a chivalrous and honorable man,Read MoreThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer1585 Words   |  7 Pageswas published toward the end of his life, Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales was his longest and most popular work. The plot is made up of tales told by thirty-one different pilgrims as they embark on a pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint Thomas a Becket in Canterbury. His initial idea was to have each pilgrim tell four stories a piece during the pilgrimage, but Chaucer either died before finishing or decided to change this idea, as only twenty-four tales presently make up the work. The prologue ofRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer963 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer is a collection of 24 stories written during the Midd le Ages. The tales were written with the intent of criticizing the functions of societal standards as well as the beliefs of the Church. â€Å"The Miller’s Tale,† one the most popular stories, offers unique insights into the customs and practices of the English middle class during the Middle Ages. The story follows the lives of John, Absolon, and Nicholas, three men who are involved with a beautiful woman namedRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2664 Words   |  11 PagesThe Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in 1392, during the medieval period in Europe. Three important aspects, his family’s ties to the court, his schooling and working for royalty (XI), and his love for reading and learning (XII) all combined and enabled him to create his greatest work, The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer includes many different characters, pilgrims, all from very unique walks of life. Although there are not as many women included as men, their storiesRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2648 Words   |  11 PagesThe Canterbury Tales was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in 1392, during the medieval period in Europe. Three important aspects, his family’s ties to the court, his schooling and working for royalty (XI), and his love for reading and learning (XII) all combined and enabled him to create his greatest work, The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer includes many different characters, pilgrims, all from very unique walks of life. Although there are not as many women included as men, their stories give some extraordinaryRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2221 Words   |  9 Pagesin medieval literature is the Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer. This research seeks to examine the life of Chaucer, the Canterbury Tales, and the impact and legacy of both the author and the work. Agnes Copton gave birth to a baby boy c. 1340, whom she named Geoffrey. The baby took the surname of his father John Chaucer, who came from a family of wine merchants. The family relied on strategic relationships to subsidize where they lacked in wealth. Chaucer was fluent in French, ItalianRead MoreCanterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1380 Words   |  6 PagesCanterbury Tales Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer was a story of not the people themselves but a social statement of how the people of higher standing were viewed by the middle class. In the time that Canterbury Tales was written it was a time of corruption of the Church. There were many clergy members that were mentioned in this story. Each of the characters was unique in the way they went against the standards they should be held to. The most interesting this story was definitely The

The United Church Of Christ, By Howard W. Stone James O...

Introduction A-30 of The Leaders Box, a resource for church leaders in the United Church of Christ, contains information for one who is seeking to become an ordained minister. One of the requirements of a candidate for ordination is to provide their association committee on ministry with a paper â€Å"dealing with the person s theological perspective and grasp of the historic Christian faith; understanding of the history, theological roots, polity and practice of the United Church of Christ; and the person s faith pilgrimage and understanding of ministry.† The Leaders Box: www.ucc.org/ministers_leaders-box Howard W. Stone James O Duke, in their book How to Think Theologically state, â€Å"To be a Christian at all is to be a theologian. There are no exceptions.† Google’s definition of a theologian is â€Å"a person who engages or is an expert in theology. Theology, according to Google is 1) the study of the nature of God and religious belief and 2) religious beliefs and theory when systematically developed. It is with these definitions in mind that I prepare my paper for ordination. My journey to ordination has taken sixty years. The journey has been easy, yet difficult. Joy filled, and yet often full of sadness and frustration. My journey has been sixty years of walking with God, running to, and sometimes from God, exploring, stumbling, falling, and climbing. It has been a journey of discovering the theology of me and how that theology is to be used to glorify our creator not onlyShow MoreRelatedContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Oxford University Press 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford Universi ty Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publicationRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesMonticello; Phyllis Berger, Diablo Valley College; Kevin Galvin, East Los Angeles College; Jacquelyn Ann Kegley, California State University-Bakersfield; Darryl Mehring, University of Colorado at Denver; Dean J. Nelson, Dutchess Community College; James E. Parejko, Chicago State University; Robert Sessions, Kirkwood Community College; and Stephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children

Wenying Jiangs Paper on Culture and Language free essay sample

The intimate relationship between language and culture is strikingly illustrated by the survey, which confirms the view that language and culture cannot exist without each other. Inseparability of culture and language It is commonly accepted that language is a part of culture, and that it plays a very important role in it. Some social scientists consider that without language, culture would not be possible. Language simultaneously reflects culture, and is influenced and shaped by it. In the broadest sense, it is also the symbolic representation of a people, since it comprises their historical and cultural backgrounds, as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking. Brown (1994: 165) describes the two as follows: ‘A language is a part of a culture and a culture is a part of a language; the two are intricately interwoven so that one cannot separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Wenying Jiangs Paper on Culture and Language or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ’ In a word, culture and language are inseparable.

The Compatibility of Aristophanes Speech with Socrates Ideas

When people speak about the sense of life many of them agree that the life is meaningful only when it is based on the principles of love. Thus, love is often considered as the leading aspect of the people’s life and as its ruling force. Many philosophers spent a lot of time discussing the phenomenon of love in order to understand the peculiarities of this feeling and to examine its mysterious nature.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Compatibility of Aristophanes’ Speech with Socrates’ Ideas specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From this point, Plato’s Symposium can be considered as the most interesting representation of the ancient philosophers’ thought and their visions of love. Why do people usually have an irresistible desire to seek for love? What feelings and emotions lead them in their searches? In his speech, Aristophanes tried to answer these controversial questions with presenting a myth about the people’s nature which could explain that human desire. According to this myth, people who earlier were complete and had two faces and limbs were divided into two halves by the gods. That is why, to feel completeness in the life, people need to find their halves. The discussion of the myth presented in Aristophanes’ speech is compatible with Socrates’ visions of the issue of love because both philosophers consider love as a desire of something or a lack of an important part for people to be complete, love is also the search of the best part or the â€Å"goodness†, and the philosophers agree that love is intentional in its nature. The nature of love is one of the most provocative questions in philosophy which can have a lot of answers according to the positions which are close to this or that philosopher. Nevertheless, there is one point considered as exceptionally significant for the discussion by almost all the thinkers. The sp eeches of Aristophanes and Socrates focus on the fact that love is the realization of the definite intention. Thus, love is intentional in its character. According to Aristophanes, the ruling force of the people’s life is the search for something or the search for love which can be explained as the natural intention of a human to find his half in order to feel himself as a whole. Moreover, this necessity depends on the people’s instincts which are typical for the human nature and affected by their origin. That is why it is almost impossible to resist to the desire or intention to feel the wholeness with another human. In his speech, Aristophanes states that â€Å"Love does the best that can be done for the time being: he draws us towards what belongs to us† (Plato 36.193d). When people know that they are incomplete they suffer from this knowledge and do not feel satisfaction.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They have the overwhelming desire to go forth and seek for their half. In this situation, love becomes the real life intention for the people. Socrates also discusses love as an intention because this feeling has the object toward which it is directed (Plato 42.200e). People are searching not for the abstract thing, but for the real object of their feeling because this object should complete their nature. That is why people suffer when the object of their love does not belong to them. The notion of love as the intention is similar in the philosophers’ discussion to the vision of love as a need or as a desire. Following Aristophanes’ considerations, it is important to note that people try to find the object of love or their half because this desire is explained by the peculiarities of the humans’ origin. Therefore, the feeling of love is the representation of the lack of the necessary part of a human, and it is the pe ople’s intense want to acquire their wholeness. According to Aristophanes, â€Å"Love† is the name for our pursuit of wholeness, for our desire to be complete† (Plato 29.192e). People cannot be happy when they are incomplete. If Aristophanes’ explanation of the people’s lack of the other person as a half is based on the myth about males, females, and androgynies, Socrates’ idea about love as a longing depends on the opinion that love is always the desire of something. During his conversation with Agathon, Socrates draws his opponent’s attention to this fact asking him a series of questions starting with â€Å"Is Love the love of nothing or of something?† (Plato 41.199e). Agathon says that love can always be considered as the love of something. In spite of the fact this understanding of love is more general in comparison with Aristophanes’ ideas of love, Socrates’ vision is compatible to Aristophanes’ discuss ion of love because love of something as the desire of something depends on the fact that person wants something when these objects do not belong to him or her. That is why love of something is the lack of something. This lack makes people consider themselves as incomplete persons. However, is any half which was acquired during the person’s search can be discussed as appropriate to form the whole? Aristophanes pays attention to the fact that people can be satisfied only when they find their necessary halves which are ideal for them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Compatibility of Aristophanes’ Speech with Socrates’ Ideas specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He states that when a man or a woman meets his half â€Å"something wonderful happens: the two are stuck from their senses by love, by a sense of belonging to one another, and by desire, and they don’t want to be separated from o ne another, not even for a moment† (Plato 28.192c). That is why it is possible to say that people love those objects and those people who are perfect particularly for them. In dialogues with Socrates, Diotima expands this idea presented by Aristophanes and makes it be more general. Diotima states that people are inclined to seek not only for their best halves but also for any perfectness and goodness (Plato 44.201a). The good people or things make people happy. Nevertheless, what are the similarities of Aristophanes and Socrates’ visions of the issue? To answer the question, it is important to concentrate on the details of the discussions. What are the main reasons for people to love something or someone? Thus, those people separated from one another by the will of the gods who are presented in the myth by Aristophanes are seeking for their halves not according to their appearances, but according to the similarities of their souls. Moreover, people love each other not b ecause of some qualities, but because of the feeling of closeness with this or that person. This idea is accentuated in Socrates’ dialogues where it is stated that â€Å"the beauty of people’s souls is more valuable than the beauty of their bodies† (Plato 58.209e). Thus, people love each other because they understand the value of the person’s soul which is similar to their ones. That is why people are inclined to love the best souls and the best things, but they are the best for these persons particularly and cannot fit the other persons’ souls. Furthermore, Aristophanes focuses on the fact that when people find their halves they are so happy and they feel that they cannot be apart with their lovers anymore. This viewpoint is similar to Socrates’ one. â€Å"Love is wanting to possess the good forever† (Plato 52.206d). To complete their nature, people should not only find their halves or the best objects of their love, but also possess them during all their life to preserve the wholeness and happiness. Plato’s Symposium includes a lot of exciting ideas on the problem of love presented in the form of the speeches developed by the ancient philosophers and historical personalities. In spite of the fact that the viewpoints performed in Aristophanes’ speech are often considered as opposite ones to Socrates’ visions of the phenomenon of love, there are a lot of similarities in the discussions of the question which allow speaking about the definite compatibility of the speeches.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the philosophers agree in their opinions that love is the intention which is realized in the desire to find the object of love. This irresistible desire is often caused by the person’s need or lack. Moreover, it is important for a person to love a man or a woman which is similar to him. That is why people are inclined to seek not for any object of love or any half, but for the best one which will be ideal for them. Works Cited Plato. Symposium. USA: Hackett, 1989. Print. This essay on The Compatibility of Aristophanes’ Speech with Socrates’ Ideas was written and submitted by user Blake Velasquez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Lee Campbell Flight 811 Investigation Essay Example

Lee Campbell Flight 811 Investigation Essay Example Lee Campbell Flight 811 Investigation Paper Lee Campbell Flight 811 Investigation Paper Essay Topic: Flight Lee Campbell Flight 811 Investigation Anthony Vallido Aviation Safety 409 ? Abstract United Airlines Flight 811 left Honolulu bound for Auckland, New Zealand on February 24, 1989. A few minutes in the flight the cargo doors blew out and because of the decompression, nine passengers were immediately sucked out of the plane. The debris from the cargo door damaged the planes Number 3 and 4 engines. Captain David Cronin prepared for an emergency landing. The parents of one of the fatalities, Lee Campbell, investigated the accident because they want to know what caused the cargo door to open in midair. Kevin and Susan Campbell were very persistent and relentless in their fight to prove that the cause of the cargo door opening is a malfunction in the electrical system of the locking mechanism. It would take them a few years and spend their own money just to prove their theory and prevent future accidents from happening. Their persistence paid off when the NTSB finally issued a report stating what the Campbell’s have been campaigning all along. ? Introduction On February 24, 1989, United Airlines Flight 811 took off from Honolulu bound for New Zealand. The flight carried 337 passengers, 3 flight crew and 15 flight attendants. The pilots were Captain David Cronin, First Officer Al Slader and Flight Engineer Mark Thomas. After the plane has been in the air for16 minutes, the passengers heard a grinding sound followed by a loud thud which shook the aircraft. A few seconds later the cargo door blew out and the passengers right beside it were immediately ejected out of the airplane. One of the passengers was Lee Campbell. Engines number 3 and 4 were severely damaged from the debris that came from the cargo door that blew off. The debris also damaged the planes right wing LED (Leading Edge Devices) and dented the horizontal stabilizers on that side. Captain Cronin ordered Flight Engineer Thomas to tell the crew to prepare for emergency landing, however he was not able to contact the crew. He then proceeded to go down to check what was happening. When he got down, he saw the extent of the damage to the aircraft. Immediately after leaving the cockpit, he saw that the skin was peeled off in some areas of the deck revealing the frames and stringers. As he went down to the lower deck, he saw the huge hole at the side of the plane and realized the magnitude of the damage. Thomas returned to the cockpit visibly shaken and reported the damage that he saw. At this point he suspected that it was probably a bomb and suggested that they not go over a speed of 250 knots. With limited information, Captain Cronin was able to land the plane without going off the runway. When the plane came to a halt, all passengers and crew were evacuated in 45 seconds. Some of the flight attendants suffered some injuries. The question here is what caused the cargo doors to open? Was it human error or was it electrical in nature? Investigation Lee Campbell was one of the casualties of Flight 811. He was returning home to New Zealand when the accident happened. His parents Kevin and Susan Campbell started an independent investigation from the NTSB. The initial investigation placed the blame on Brian Kitaoka, who at that time worked as a Ramp Serviceman for United Airlines. However, Kevin and Susan Campbell were not satisfied with this cause, which is human error, and continued to pursue their investigation. It took a long time for them to finish the investigation because they could not find the door of the plane. Without that door, they will not be able to check it for electrical errors. They eventually found the door 18 months later, 5km on the ocean floor. The Campbell’s embarked on a relentless personal investigation. Kevin said you can’t let the death of Lee be for nothing. Two months after the crash when the NTSB held preliminary hearings, the Campbell’s made sure they were there. They soon get frustrated because the NTSB will not complete their investigation for months. That is when they decided to take matters into their own hands. Kevin and Susan decided to get the documents from the NTSB during the hearing without permission. From these documents they found information that was not released to the public. There were reports that there disturbing problems with the forward cargo door going right back to its original design. Instead of a plug door that gets jammed into its frame as the aircraft pressure rises, Boeing opted for an outward opening door which allows for more cargo space but the door is not failsafe like the plug design so Boeing built was they thought was a fool proof locking mechanism. Boeing built in multiple redundancies to make sure the door is properly latched and does not open. They built it to a point where it is extremely improbable for the door to open. The Campbell’s discovered that the problem lies with the locking mechanism. To lock the cargo door on the 747, electric motors rotate C-shaped latches around pins in the door frame. A handle then moves L-shaped arms known as locking sectors over the top of the C-shaped latches to prevent them opening. But as early as 1975, problems were found with the locking sectors. Kevin Campbell, an experienced engineer, built a model to show the weakness of the Boeing design. Initially the locking mechanisms were made of aluminum and in 1975 they did not realize that it was not strong enough. The weakness of the aluminum drastically increased the risk of the door accidentally opening. With the aluminum locking sectors, if the C locks tried to backwind open electrically, it would push the locking sector out of the way. It was not doing what it was supposed to be designed for. For twenty years before the accident of Flight 811, 747’s have been flying with this crucial weakness. The Campbell’s wondered what is left to be revealed. They redoubled their efforts to uncover the full truth behind the accident that killed their son. They went to the US to talk to as many people as they can who was involved in the accident. They started at Seattle then went to Chicago all the way to Washington DC then on to San Diego. The Campbell’s soon found out that a shockingly similar incident to Flight 811 had given clear warning of the dangers of the cargo door. In 1987, two years before Flight 811 a Pan Am 747 had been climbing out of Heathrow when it failed to pressurize at 20,000 ft. The pilots had to turn back. When they got to Heathrow, they found out that the door had been hanging open an inch and a half at the bottom and all of the locks were open. When it got to the maintenance base they found that all the locking mechanisms were either bent or broken. Locking Mechanism Flaw Why had the C-latches turned and bent back the locking sectors? Boeing claimed that ground crew must have mishandled mechanism. But the Campbell’s investigation uncovered another vital clue as to why the C-latches had turned. A report by Pan Am engineers highlighted problems with the doors electrical system. It had a problem with the S2 master lock switch that should’ve turned off the power to the door when the outer handle was closed. This was an alarming finding. When the outer handle was closed the S2 master lock switch was meant to disconnect the power supply and stop the C-latch motors from turning. So could this have failed allowing the motors to open the door? To find out, Boeing asked the airlines to do a simple test. Close the outer handle then press the switch to open the door and see what happens. When they hit the switch, it actually worked. Boeing thought that it wouldn’t work but it did. There was power to the door locks with the outer handle closed and locks started to move and started to force the locking sectors out of the way. A few days later the airlines started calling saying that it was damaging their planes so Boeing stopped the test. This meant that on those aircrafts the S2 locking mechanism had failed and those aircrafts has the potential of having the same problem as Flight 811. It would just take a short circuit to open the doors in mid flight. The Campbell’s now became convinced that the accident on Flight 811 began with a failure of the S2 switch. Power remained on the C latch motors. All it took was a short circuit on the 20 year old wiring which had been found to be frayed on other aircraft to start the motors up. The aluminum locking sectors were too weak to stop the latches turning and the cargo door burst open. After a year of investigation the NTSB had a different version of the events. The Campbell’s were in for a shock. After waiting for a year, the Campbell’s expected the findings to match their theory on what happened. They assumed that the report will come out and that it would state that it was a malfunction but were surprised when it was reported that the door had been mishandled. For the Campbell’s, the NTSBs flawed explanation and failure to mention the electrical problems just wasn’t good enough. They went back to investigating the accident and soon found disturbing evidence of how it could and should have been prevented. Resolving the Problem After the Pan Am incident in 1987, it turned out that Boeing had issued a directive to the airlines on how to correct the weak aluminum locking sectors. The directive that came out was to replace the aluminum sectors with steel sectors that could not be bent. There were also going to be interim inspections to be performed until the steel sectors were installed. The fix was cheap and simple but getting it done was not. The actual cost for the modification and changing the locking sectors to steel was $2000 per aircraft but it will take 10 hours to do it and that is what made it expensive. The airline would lose money if they take the aircraft of service for 10hours which could translate into millions of dollars. The Campbell’s discovered that back in 1987, the FAA whose role was to enforce improvements had given the airlines 18 months to comply. United made no plans to install the steel locking sectors. Within a year, Lee Campbell and 8 others will die in an avoidable accident. So why were the airlines not forced to fix the problem sooner? If these large commercial airplanes are grounded it will be an economic disaster. What the airlines does is to lobby to the FAA to allow them to do the fixes over time when the airplanes are in for their normal maintenance. In that way they are not taken out of service. However, when they allow the airlines to fix it over time, the FAA is actually gambling with the lives of the passengers and crew who are flying on these airplanes. After the deaths on Flight 811, the FAA instantly shortened the deadline for fixing the cargo door from 18 months to just 30 days. The pressure of the Campbell’s campaign eventually began to pay off. The vital piece of evidence can prove them right, the cargo door which lay 2 km on the ocean floor. But as articles appeared in the American Press, the NTSB commissioned the US Navy to search for it. A hundred miles south of Honolulu, a deep submersible began to trawl the seabed. They recovered the door and the Campbell’s were notified of this. But before the Campbell’s can see it, the door was quickly transferred to Boeings plant in Seattle. The Campbell’s went in hot pursuit. When they got to Boeing, they would show the door to the Campbell’s which led them to believe that the crucial pieces were already sent to the NTSB. So once again they went to Washington DC. After 3 hours they finally got the pieces they needed from the NTSB and they told them that they were right that it was an electrical malfunction. They assured the Campbell’s that they will fix the airplanes so that the accident will never happen again. However, the Campbell’s were also informed that despite of the findings, the report will not be changed. Even with the evidence of an electrical malfunction in their hands, the NTSB refused to change their report. Then in June 1991 fate intervened. A four year old United 747 was in the airport when the C latch motor started up and the door opened itself. The Campbell’s said that there is no way that the NTSB can deny it any longer that it was an electrical malfunction. Conclusion Finally the NTSB issued a revised report that concurred with the Campbell’s version. In a press conference, the NTSB stated that there was inadvertent failure of either the switch or the wiring that caused an uncommanded opening of the door. The Campbell’s felt vindicated after the announcement and happy that they were right all along. They spent thousands of dollars of their own money in their campaign. They were never interested in the financial settlement for Lee’s death. But they did persuade United and Boeing to set up a university scholarship in his name. Susan Campbell said that she would not have been able to live with herself if she did not investigate the death of her son. The Campbell’s knew it was something they had to do and did not even discuss it. But despite long and public campaigns like that of the Campbell’s, critics fear that airline industry has not learned the lessons from Flight 811. The FAA has a dual role. One is to promote the aviation industry and the other is aviation safety and when they are put in a situation where they are between economics and safety, they tend to lean towards economics. Serious accidents caused by known defects continue to occur. In the 1990 known problems in aircraft de-icing systems led to crashes. At least 3 planes have had fatal fires due to known dangers of flammable insulation materials. In 1998, a fully laden 747 blew itself up over the Atlantic when known faults in the wiring ignited known hazards in the fuel tanks. Inevitably, experts are skeptical about the industries record of balancing profit against prevention. References McKarcher, S. (2004). Ual 811 20 years later. Airline Crew, Retrieved from airlinecrew. et/vbulletin/showthread. php? 209818-UAL-811-20-Years-Later Baehr, B. (2011). Victims parents absolve hawaii man of role in air disaster. Hawaii News Now, Retrieved from hawaiinewsnow. com/story/15002555/victims-parents-absolve-hawaii-man-of-role-in-air-disaster (n. d. ). United airlines flight 811. Wikipedia, Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_811 Bridgeman, S. (2009, February 27). Flight 811: The untold story. Sunday Star times. Retrieved from stuff. co. nz/sunday-star-times/features/1400976/Flight-811-the-untold-story

Assault Or Discipline

Attack or Penalty When explaining the physical quarrel between two adults, the term is attacked and beaten. Attacks on individuals not only have a direct influence, but in severe cases their impact lasts for a lifetime. In any of the 50 states, people over the age of 18 are intentionally attacked, strikes and corporal punishment are criminal proceedings. However, the law does not apply to the physical forces used by minors. Spanking, whip, paddling are general references to this form of punishment. Using physical violence and self-esteem, Pearson's relevance is in the use of strict discipline and parenting practices, the use of strict discipline and the use of father's physical assault, and the use of strict discipline and pride. Table 1 shows the correlation between strict discipline and parenting style. Table 2 shows the correlation between strict discipline and self-esteem, and the correlation between strict discipline and the use of physical attacks. Discipline style of parents: Study on the influence of university youth development Attack or Penalty When explaining the physical quarrel between two adults, the term is attacked and beaten. Attacks on individuals not only have a direct influence, but in severe cases their impact lasts for a lifetime. In any of the 50 states, people over the age of 18 are intentionally attacked, strikes and corporal punishment are criminal proceedings. However, the law does not apply to the physical forces used by minors. Spanking, whip, paddling are some general references. Fines for criminal attacks are fine, imprisonment, or both. Punishment becomes more serious as attacks become more intense. Many states have enacted rules to classify criminal acts into various degrees. As with serious attacks, the severity of the crime, the degree of violence and injury, and the criminal intent of the defendant are the factors determining the judgment. 1) v. As long as the target knows the danger, regardless of whether it succeeds or not, it attempts to threaten or attack others. Attackers must be able to attack reasonably. In some states, if the attack is to use a fatal weapon (like a rifle and a rifle), the intended victim need not know the danger. In other state laws, different degrees of attack (first or second) are distinguished, depending on whether actual blows, injuries, or just threats exist.

School Report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

School Report - Case Study Example Latin students total up to 10% (NYC department of education). The teachers that make up the staff have different levels of qualifications and varying levels of the experience. Only 38% of the teachers are those having masters or the doctorate degree, according to the statistics of the year 2007. In terms of experience; only 15% of the teachers are having three years of experience. In this case the school administration has to work on increasingly hiring the teachers with higher qualifications as doctorate and masters qualifications. The teachers with greater experiences have to be given priority over the teachers with lesser experiences' as in the end it effects the students' learning process. The progress in the case of teaching the subjects as maths and English is positive. In the case of the students' performance, average 60% of the students performed greater than the third level in the subject of English. Average 80% of the students performed greater than the third level in maths. In science 78% of the students performed well. The better performing number of students can be increased by in taking highly qualified teachers. So the better performance is noticed in the case of maths only although other subject need more work (NYC department of education). The enrollment number of the students, including the special students' enrollment has decreased over the years. This shows that the parents are more concerned about getting their children admitted in better schools with better teachers as the parents rely on those schools having the better and higher qualified staff (insideschools.org). The attendance of the students is almost the same that is around 93%. This is the only point where the school administration has been performing very well. Overall, the number of the female students is slightly greater as compared to the male students. In mathematics and English language the special students perform very better as compared to the other racial groups. In the English language subject learning, 64% of the special students out of all the racial group students performed well. In the subject of maths same was the case noticed that 44% of the special education students performed well as compared to the 28% of the black students performance in the same case (insideschools.org). In addition to the reports, there was a survey that was conducted. Out of all the parents 25% of the parents participated with 35 teachers making up 48%. Since the last year the scores in different aspects has increased which include the Academic Expectations, Communication and Safety and Respect. In every case, the satisfactions from the parents and the teachers were higher and it was above 50%. However in the case of safety and respect the school needs some work to be done. Students' suspensions have increased over the years. The satisfaction ratio of the parents and the teachers is very less which means that the discipline has to be maintained better than before. The major concern for the school should be to make changes in the ways they control the students in a disciplinary manner (NYC department of education). In the case of communication where the school administration makes the students and their parents aware of the new changes being implemented on the school's environment

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Case study - Essay Example In 1993, Peter Solvik joined Cisco and made IT the central functionality of the company. He showed interest in starting many projects for the upgrading of IT in the company. He brought many changes and supported the company in adopting IT successfully. However, when Peter Solvik left the company and Boston joined as the new CEO, there were many problems revealed with the current IT adopted by the company (McAfee, McFarlan and Wagonfeld 4). ERP was introduced by Peter Solvik in the company and was installed for handling inventory and manufacturing functions but with the passage of time, other functions was also added to the ERP system due to which, problems were there (McAfee, McFarlan and Wagonfeld 3-4). Boston after becoming the CEO identified these problems and showed interest in three main projects, which were to upgrade the ERP, to develop enterprise reporting and business information solution and to develop a single database (McAfee, McFarlan and Wagonfeld 5). This paper will di scuss all the relevant details of the case in depth. IT Governance Styles at Different Levels Peter Solvik after joining Cisco changed the company’s consideration of IT as an overhead. He made sure that IT performed the role of central functionality of the company. According to his opinion, without using latest technology, the company was not able to progress. Under his governance, ERP system was implemented, which was to handle manufacturing and inventory tasks at the start. In his tenure, the company created its own internet and intranet, due to which not only the data transfer procedures were eased out but also many customers were added to the company’s profile due to which, the company was able to generate more revenue. Peter Solvik’s IT governance style was profitable and commendable for the company as it was due to this style that the company gained reputation and enhanced profits in the market. The organization was made an IT centralized organization (McA fee, McFarlan and Wagonfeld 3). At network/infrastructure level, internet and intranet were developed to control all network related functions such as sales, manufacturing and others. A website was developed with the name Cisco.com. At data level, intranet was used for data transferring while at application level, the ERP was developed to handle the manufacturing and inventory applications of the company. Problems with Cisco There were many problems with the company’s IT by 2001, which were discovered after Boston’s joining the company. Many customized tools were there to handle different functionalities for which, extra costs were paid. The investment for the customized tools was too much and information retrieval was problem. In addition, there was no central decision making for the IT functions as every department made its own decisions due to which, there were problems related to upgrading ERP system of the company as a whole. There was lack of centralized planning , which was again problematic for the company (McAfee, McFarlan and Wagonfeld 5). Many old custom interfaces were required to be put out of action in order to install a newer version of ERP, which will be problematic for the users of ERP. In addition, ERP was designed mainly to

Lying from the Tip of Our Tongues Essays -- Essays Papers

Lying from the Tip of Our Tongues Tell the truth, live the truth, do the truth, or there will be terrible consequences. -Gwen Rice Clark You come through the door and you see that look in their eyes, they know. All this time, all those lies; all of it just to make sure that they didn’t have to know, all so they didn’t get that look in their eyes. Now you enter further into the room and there’s no stopping the inevitable, one fact remained. You lied. For whatever reason, whatever excuse you hoped was logical enough in your mind so that it didn’t seem as wrong as it truly was, that doesn’t matter. Because the motives and the analyzing were and are in the end moot points, as it is said, through it all â€Å"the end does not justify the means†, Eluki bes Shahar. Like it or not, that’s what lying is, a means to an end. Why should people care about it? That’s too broad an enigma to tackle so impulsively. First one must challenge the nature of the problem; because it is a problem. For no matter who you are, how honest you might think yourself or how many lies you have told, at the end of the day, not even you know the answer to this question: Why do people lie? Lying is being deceitful. It is construed in more cases than not, as the opposite of being truthful. Yet, there’s more to it than that. A person can lie without actually saying anything false. There’s such a thing as ‘lying by omission’ and little ‘white lies’ to keep people baffled as to what dishonesty is. In reality, mendaciousness is a sickness that haunts its nurturers without letting go. Then, after a while, a person can get so good at this ‘skill’ that they even begin to lie to themselves. What’s the i... ...ork.org/index.php?loc=kb&id=8322> Schreiber, Lisa. The Nonverbal Cues of Deception. 20 May. 2002. 7 April. 2004. Schweitzer, Maurice E. and Christopher K. â€Å"Stretching the Truth: Elastic Justification and Motivated Communication of Uncertain Information†. 2002. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. 8 April. 2004. Vrij, Aldert, Lucy Akehurst, Stavroula Soukara, and Ray Bull. â€Å"Detecting Deceit Via Analyses of Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior in Children and Adults.† January 2004. Ohiolink. 7 April, 2004. Willer, Jeremy. Interpersonal Deception Theory. 7 April. 2004.

Describe the Process Consultation Essay

Describe the  process consultation. Discuss when it should be used and how it applies to organization development. Process consultation (PC) is a general framework for carrying out helping relationships. It is oriented to helping managers, employees, and groups assess and improve processes, such as communication, interpersonal relations, decision making and task performance. Schein argues that effective consultants and managers should be good helpers, aiding others in getting things done and in achieving the goals they have set. Thus, PC is more a philosophy than a set of techniques aimed at performing this helping relationship. The philosophy ensures that those who are receiving the help own their problems, gain the skills and expertise to diagnose them, and solve them themselves. Thus, it is an approach to helping people and groups help themselves. Schein defines process consultation as â€Å"the creation of a relationship that permits the client to perceive, understand, and act on the process events that occur in (her/his) internal and external environment in order to improve the situation as defined by the client. † The process consultant does not offer expert help in the form of solutions to problems, as in the doctor-patient model. Rather, the process consultant works to develop relationships, observes groups and people in action, helps them diagnose the way they are carrying out tasks, and helps them learn how to be more effective. In the OD literature, team building is not clearly differentiated from process consultation. This confusion exists because most team building includes process consultation—helping the group diagnose and understand its own internal processes. However, process consultation is a more general approach to helping relationships than is team building. Team building focuses explicitly on helping groups perform asks and solve problems more effectively. Process consultation, on the other hand, is concerned with establishing effective helping relationships in organizations. It is seen as key to effective management and consultation and can be applied to any helping relationship, from subordinate development to interpersonal relationships to group development. Thus, team building consist s of process consultation plus other, more task-oriented interventions (Cummings & Worley, 2009, p. 253). Describe the key success requirements for a microcosm group intervention. A microcosm group onsists of a small number of individuals who reflect the issue being addressed. For example, a microcosm group composed of members representing a spectrum of ethnic backgrounds, cultures, and races can be created to address diversity issues in the organization. This group, assisted by OD practitioners, can create programs and processes targeted at specific problems. In addition to addressing diversity problems, microcosm groups have been used to carry out organization diagnoses, solve communications problems, integrate two cultures, smooth the transition to a new structure, and address dysfunctional political processes. Microcosm groups work through â€Å"parallel processes,† which are the unconscious changes that take place in individuals when two or more groups interact. After groups interact, members often find that their characteristic patterns of roles and interactions change to reflect the roles and dynamics of the group with whom they were relating. Put simply, groups seem to â€Å"infect† and become â€Å"infected† by the other groups. The following example given by Alderfer helps to clarify how parallel processes work. An organizational diagnosis team had assigned its members to each of five departments in a small manufacturing company. Members of the team had interviewed each department head and several department members, and had observed department meetings. The team was preparing to observe their first meeting of department heads and was trying to anticipate the group’s behavior. At first they seemed to have no ‘rational† basis for predicting the top group’s behavior because they â€Å"had no data† from direct observation. They decided to role-play the group meeting they had never seen. Diagnostic team members behaved as they thought the department heads would, and the result was uncanny. Team members found that they easily became engaged with one another in the simulated department-head meeting; emotional involvement occurred quickly for all participants. When the team actually was able to observe a department-head meeting, they were amazed at how closely the simulated meeting had approximated the actual session. Thus, if a small and representative group can intimately understand and solve a complex organizational problem for themselves; they are in a good position to recommended action to address the problem in the larger system (Cummings & Worley, 2009, p. 279). Discuss why the matrix structure is the best and most flexible organization structure. Some OD practitioners have focused on maximizing the strengths and minimizing the weaknesses of both the functional and the self-contained-unit structures, and this effort has resulted in the matrix organization. Matrix organizational designs originally evolved in the aerospace industry where changing customer demands and technological conditions caused managers to focus on lateral relationships between functions to develop a flexible and adaptable system of resources and procedures, and to achieve a series of project objectives. Matrix organizations now are used widely in manufacturing, service, and nonprofit, governmental, and professional organizations. Every matrix organization contains three unique and critical roles: the top manager, who heads and balances the dual chains of command, the matrix bosses (functional, product, or area), who share subordinates: and the two-boss managers, who report to two different matrix bosses. Each of these roles has its own unique requirements. In a matrix organization, each project manager reports directly to the vice president and the general manager. Since each project represents a potential profit centre, the power and authority used by the project manager come directly from the general manager. Matrix organizations, like all organization structures, have both advantages and disadvantages. On the positive side, this structure allows multiple orientations. Specialized, functional knowledge can be applied to all projects. New products or projects can be implemented quickly by using people flexibly and by moving between product and functional orientations as circumstances demand. Matrix organizations can maintain consistency among departments and projects by requiring communication among managers. For many people, matrix structures are motivating and exciting. On the negative side, these organizations can be difficult to manage. To implement and maintain them requires heavy managerial costs and support. When people are assigned to more than one department, there may be role ambiguity and conflict, and overall performance may be sacrificed if there are power conflicts between functional departments and project structures. To make matrix organizations work, organization members need interpersonal and conflict management skills. People can get confused about how the matrix works, and that can lead to chaos and inefficiencies (Cummings & Worley, 2009, p. 319). What is the TQM approach to employee involvement and how does it differ from other approaches? Discuss Deming’s influence on this approach. Total quality management (TQM) is the most recent and, along with high-involvement organizations the most comprehensive approach to employee involvement. Also known as â€Å"Continuous process improvement† and â€Å"continuous quality,† TQM grew out of a manufacturing emphasis on quality control and represents a long- term effort to orient all of an organization’s activities around the concept of quality. Quality is achieved when organizational processes reliably produce products and services that meet or exceed customer expectations. Like high-involvement designs, TQM increases workers’ knowledge and skills through extensive training, provides relevant information to employees, pushes decision-making power downward in the organization and ties rewards to performance. When implemented successfully. TQM also is aligned closely with a firm’s overall business strategy and attempts to change the entire organization toward continuous quality improvement. TQM is a philosophy and a set of guiding principles for continuous improvement based on customer satisfaction, teamwork, and empowerment of individuals. TQM applies human resources and analytical tools to focus on meeting or exceeding customer’s current and future needs. There are a series of planned improvements that will ultimately influence the quality and productivity of the organization. Like high-involvement designs, TQM increases workers’ knowledge and skills through extensive training, provides relevant information to employees, pushes decision-making power downward in the organization and ties rewards to performance. When implemented successfully TQM also is aligned closely with a firm’s overall business strategy and attempts to change the entire organization toward continuous quality improvement. (Cummings ;amp; Worley, 2009, p. 359). Discuss the motivational approach to job design. What are the key dimensions that lead to high work quality and internal motivation? The motivational approach to work design views the effectiveness of organizational activities primarily as a function of member needs and satisfaction, and seeks to improve employee performance and satisfaction by enriching jobs. The motivational method provides people with opportunities for autonomy, responsibility, closure (that is, doing a complete job), and performance feedback. Enriched jobs are popular in the United States at such companies as AT;amp;T Universal Card, TRW, Dayton Hudson, and GTE. The motivational approach usually is associated with the research of Herzberg and of Hackman and Oldham. Herzberg’s two-factor theory of motivation proposed that certain attributes of work, such as opportunities for advancement and recognition, which he called motivators, help increase job satisfaction. Other attributes that Herzberg called hygiene factors, such as company policies, working conditions, pay, and supervision, do not produce satisfaction but rather prevent dissatisfaction—important contributors because only satisfied workers are motivated to produce. Successful job enrichment experiments at AT&T, Texas Instruments, and Imperial Chemical Industries helped to popularize job enrichment in the 1960s. Although Herzberg’s motivational factors sound appealing, increasing doubt has been cast on the underlying theory. Motivation and hygiene factors are difficult to put into operation and measure, and that makes implementation and evaluation of the theory difficult. Furthermore, important worker characteristics that can affect whether people will respond favorably to job enrichment were not included in his theory. Finally, Herzberg’s failure to involve employees in the job enrichment process itself does not suit most OD practitioners today. Consequently, a second, well-researched approach to job enrichment has been favored. It focuses on the attributes of the work itself and has resulted in a more scientifically acceptable theory of job enrichment than Herzberg’s model. The research of Hackman and Oldham represents this more recent trend in job enrichment. Considerable research has been devoted to defining and understanding core job dimensions. Figure 50 summarizes the Hackman and Oldham model of job design. Five core dimensions of work affect three critical psychological states, which in turn produce personal and job outcomes. These outcomes include high internal work motivation, high-quality work performance, satisfaction with the work, and low absenteeism and turnover. The five core job dimensions—skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback from the work itself—are described below and associated with the critical psychological states that they create (Cummings ;amp; Worley, 2009, p. 377). References Cummings, T. G. , ;amp; Worley, C. G. (2011). Organization development ;amp; change (11th ed. ). Australia; Mason, OH: South-Western/Cengage Learning.

San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District...

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